Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Management - Essay Example Motosuzhou is looking for technical and training opportunities from developed countries such as US. However, the negotiation failed as the negotiation teams failed to come on common grounds due to communication and trust issues. This case study aims to discuss the dissimilarities between both the cultures and how this impacted the negotiation process. Furthermore, this case study would move on to evaluate the reasons for the failure of the negotiation team and how this was impacted by the composition of the team. In the end, the case study would provide strategic alternatives and recommendations for this particular case. What are the main characteristics of Chinese culture? How do they differ from the predominant characteristics of U.S culture? How do these differences relate to the negotiation process? Chinese culture is a culture quite different from that of the American culture. Chinese culture relies on eastern values and traditions while the American culture is more modernized a nd relies of western values. Often these cultures come at a clash with each other due to the inherent differences in the way people within these cultures interact (Lee, Yang and Graham, 2006). The concept of Guanxi is very important for the Chinese. It relates to the building of a network within the business circle. This relationship is built upon mutual obligations that are not necessarily spoken among the people but these obligations are implied and known. Guanxi is developed usually among the Chinese people and foreigners are not included within this network due to cultural and language differences. The Guanxi is a powerful tool among the Chinese to develop trust among each other and to get the job done with minimal issues. In the case of negotiating with foreigners such as the Americans, Guanxi is not present. This means that the negotiation process lacks one of the basic elements and this makes negotiation considerably difficult (Pye, 1982). Trust is also another aspect of the Chinese culture. The Chinese must trust the other person they are dealing with before they sign an agreement with him. Trust is cultivated by spending time together and by belonging to the network. However, the Americans take on a direct approach. They use the law as a means of dealing with untrustworthy people. In the negotiation process, the Chinese take on a slower approach to negotiation as compared to the Americans (Tung, 1982). The Chinese is formal culture as opposed to the informality found within the American culture. The formality within relationships does not imply that the Chinese are pretentious or false. In the Chinese culture, expressing one’s emotion on the face is considered impolite behavior and thus the Chinese have a method of masking their emotions of hurt, anger, frustration behind a mask of neutrality. The Americans on the other hand, are forthcoming with their emotions and they believe in direct expressing of their emotions. While the Americans rely on direct words to convey their message, the Chinese are usually subtle in expressing their thoughts and opinions (Ghauri and Fang, 2001). In a negotiation process, the Americans go about by laying down the basic principles and demands. Once these demands and principles are acknowledged, they move on to the next phase of the negotiation process. In the Chinese culture, people wish to develop mutual understanding and trust before beginning the negotiation p

Teen Pregnancy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teen Pregnancy - Research Proposal Example This group has a prevalence rate of 8 % compared to 2.2% of 15-17 year old teenage girls. Ten to fourteen years old girls have the lowest rate of pregnancy in the United States of about 0.7 births per 1000 girls. Kelly (2000, p 27) Sociologists and health researchers attribute various factors to the high rate of teenage pregnancies. From the sociologists’ point of view, peer pressure, poverty, the environment in which children are brought up in addition to family structure as some of the major factors that have contributed to increase in the rate of teenage pregnancies (East & Felice 1996). Farber (2003, p 69) noted that teenagers are most vulnerable group to succumb to influence from the media and fellow colleagues to engage in risky sexual behavior that often results to teenage pregnancies. Moreover, children brought up in poor and insecure environments are usually vulnerable to sexual abuse or lack of information about safe sex (Farber, 2003). Lack of adequate information a bout use contraceptives is another major factor that contributes to high rate of teenage pregnancy in developed countries. A study conducted by East and Felice (1996 pp79-86) established that over 50% of pregnant teenage girls used some form of contraceptives.

Define And Discuss Anti Oppressive Practice

Define And Discuss Anti Oppressive Practice Professionals get involved in peoples to protect then and promote social justice , yet oppress them for example, by making decisions for them or the structure of an organisation can oppress on individual. Oppression is: The central circle P represents the personal, psychological, practice and prejudice. Here we are considering the individuals thoughts, feelings and actions. The way in which each practitioner interacts with service user and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦inflexibility of mind which stands in the way of fair and non-judgmental practice. The P level is embedded in the C level, as values and norms are internalised through socialisation. C refers to the cultural, sphere where people share à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ways of seeing, thinking and doing. Commonailties and consensus about right and wrong and conformity to shared norms are found here. Social inequalities are thus legitimated through culture. Our culture is supported by structures such as the economy, society and the nation state. The C level is immersed in the S level. Discrimination is part of the fabric of society. Socio-political and social divisions describe the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦interlocking patterns of power and influence (Thompson 1997). Therefore, at the P and C level we can see that anti oppression and values are interlinked. they are both socially constructed moral code that assist and control our actions within society; as social work practice recognises the complexity of interactions between human beings and their environment, it has drawn some of its knowledge from anti-oppressive practice and values in order to influence individual change. This knowledge helps the social worker to make informed judgements in addressing the inequalities and injustices that exist in society (Stanford 2005). Issues and risk factors from the case study. A referral form the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) was sent to the organistion on be half of David, requesting service from the Adult Community Mental Health Team (CMHT). David is 17 and half years old has got a history of mental health. Clinical depression (quotion) and self harm. and has been involved for 3 and half years with The Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service(CAMHS). His condition is medicated and he been taking this on a regular basis as well as receiving counseling. Due to his age his current Social worker his referred him to the Adult Community Mental Health Team. However, the CMHT made clear that David could receive service from the organisation as he not 18. This could have a negative effect on his condition. for example, it may further the risk of self-harm and potential risk of accidental suicide. According to (Rutter, 1995 and Steinberg, 2004) adolescent are particularly vulnerable to self- harm and suicide if they are already suffering fro m depression. Therefore, coping strategies such as counselling and the resources centres are important to his well-being. However, at the moment its not Cleary as to where David will receive support. according to the Menatl Health Act \he is sitll a child mental health Act Both organisation were in a dilemma as the both shifting to blame on his age however the Menatal Health Act points outin this case Daivd may need an independent person to speak out for him because the professional are able to support. I found this very demoralising and questioned the CAMHTS decision; had she thought about, the remaining mouths of his age, was this helping David to lead a fulfilling life like any other citizen and had she thought of any other ways to support David attend a resource centre without stopping him completely? I wondered whether the whole notion of working together, partnership professionalism, and commissioning meant anything at all to the both social workers. I thought that the CAMETS social worker decision based on a social model. This decision deprived to David to gain a resource that will enhance his well-being. For the reason, his complex needs where not being met. Since both organisations where not working in partnership. There are two types of partnership working, one working with the service user and the other working with other professionals as part of a multi-disciplinary approach. Coulshed Orme (2006:230) states Multi-disciplinary work or inter-agency work is carried out to ensure that a range of service is accessed to provide a holistic approach to meeting the needs of service user. In this case, I believe the CAMHT did not carry out a holistic approach clearly his/ her approach was to simply transfer David to the AMHT. As Thompson (2000) stress partnership working with service users involves working with clients, as opposed to making decisions for them. This view is also shared by Hatton (2008) and Trevithick (2000) who points out positive practice must involve service user if it is to achieve agre ed objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦within this process, service user must be seen not only in terms of problems they bring, but as whole person and full citizens. Therefore, in partnership working, the service user is seen as the expert on themselves and therefore it is essential to involve them in all of the processes. Hatton(2008) goes on to say, if social work is to make a real impact on live of people like David it needs to develop a frame of reference which values, hears and works in partnership. This is in contrast to for example, the medical model, where the professional is regarded as the expert on the service and the service users health. redard of his he should fall ut of this frame referneces. in constarn with ths social modle as it is concerned with experience of vulnerable people at risk of oppression and social devaluation. The whole notion of working together and joined up thinking is now embedded in social work and social care discourses in the United Kingdom (DOH 1998, Payne 2000) Partnership working with other professionals is highly important in order for services to be delived well. The relationship between different agencies can sometimes be difficult as both parties are likely to operate on different levels. For example, referring to level S or Structural-organisation level of the PCS model in Davids case both professional where clashing or the case. Therefore, services are not co-ordination. This will have an effect at the C level or the professional-culture level. As Wilson (2008) highlights effective cooperation between different profession groups is possible but they is a range of difference between them; for instance, their goals, the nature and peace of their work. Therefore, professionals have different priorities, expectations, obligations and concerns, as this is the underlying message in the case of David as a result it is important that these are shared from the beginning to enable understanding. This then allows any issues to be dealt with in a positive and open manner (Thompson, 2000). In doing so, professionals should A, recognise and accept the need for partnership. b, develop clarity and realism of purpose. c, ensure commitment and own ship. d, develop and maintain trust, e, create clear and robust partnership arrangements. F, monitor, measure and learn.(Nuffield cited from class notes) According to the working together It is considered as high-quality practice when a service has partnership working with both the service user and other professionals. According to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Keeping clients informed and aware of any issues and changes in the situation empowers the client and provides autonomy. In order to work in partnership, it is important to keep communication channels open, by involving the service user and other professionals in decision making processes, for instance, in the case David the CAMHTS social worker should have communicated with the AMHTs social worker in advance about the transfer. Therefore, it would have been clear that the AMHT would not be able to take on Daivd, therefore, he/ she would have thought of an alternative such as commissioning service. Commissioning means that services a available so that identified needs can be met c and 0()This suggests that he/she was accountable to the supplier of the resources and the service user . This is supported by the GSCC code of practice as it requires social workers to be accountable for the quality of their work. In the case of David there was lack of commissioning and partnership the case was closed both social workers did not think about the next step. .. to carry out an assessment and plan therefore , Par tnership working promotes a jointed accountability for resolution of the condition, making sure that all parties consider that their contributions are important (Thompson, 2000). Plans must be supported on negotiated agreement and not on the prejudices or assumptions about clients feeling or thoughts. ,

Mark Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: Mark Twain Adventures Huck Finn Essays

Mark Twain's "The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boy’s coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800’s. The main character, Huckleberry Finn, spends much time in the novel floating down the Mississippi River on a raft with a runaway slave named Jim. Before he does so, however, Huck spends some time in the fictional town of St. Petersburg where a number of people attempt to influence him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the novel begins, Huck Finn has led a life of absolute freedom. His drunken and often missing father has never paid much attention to him; his mother is dead and so, when the novel begins, Huck is not used to following any rules. The book’s opening finds Huck living with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. Both women are fairly old and are really somewhat incapable of raising a rebellious boy like Huck Finn. Nevertheless, they attempt to make Huck into what they believe will be a better boy. Specifically, they attempt, as Huck says, to "sivilize" him. This process includes making Huck go to school, teaching him various religious facts, and making him act in a way that the women find socially acceptable. Huck, who has never had to follow many rules in his life, finds the demands the women place upon him constraining and the life with them lonely. As a result, soon after he first moves in with them, he runs away. He soon comes back, but, even though he becomes somewhat comfortable with his new life as the months go by, Huck never really enjoys the life of manners, religion, and education that the Widow and her sister impose upon him. Huck believes he will find some freedom with Tom Sawyer. Tom is a boy of Huck’s age who promises Huck and other boys of the town a life of adventure. Huck is eager to join Tom Sawyer’s Gang because he feels that doing so will allow him to escape the somewhat boring life he leads with the Widow Douglas. Unfortunately, such an escape does not occur. Tom Sawyer promises much—robbing stages, murdering and ransoming people, kidnaping beautiful women—but none of this comes to pass. Huck finds out too late that Tom’s adventures are imaginary: that raiding a caravan of "A-rabs" really means terrorizing young children on a Sunday school picnic, that stolen "joolry" is nothing more than turnips or rocks. Huck is disappointed that the adventures Tom promises are not real and so, along with the other members, he resigns from the gang.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another person who tries to get

The Frontier in American History

There are quite several sharp notions in The Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner, and all of these notions very well contribute to the revelation that with diversity comes the great possibility of acquiring an identity independent as it is from everything else outside.Although much of what is written in the collected essays verifies the idea that the creation of a government of the people surpasses that which is merely imitated, the role of the external elements can be argued as indispensable elements in the establishment of an identity.   One of the central themes in The Frontier in American History is the idea of the formation of the government that is distinctive and proper to the Americans.The author, Frederick Jackson Turner’s viewpoint in the book evidently shows his aim towards rendering a piece which will devote on tracing the history of America as well as with the nature of civilization.It has been noted that Turner was one of the ambitious demo cratic leader with the bias on lurking deep on the â€Å"flaws† of those who are in office which furthers his conviction on self-reliance and the turmoil revolving around political idiosyncrasy.The author was a piece of hopeful being.   Further, another major limitation of Turner's thesis is that it does not adequately recognize the extent to which frontier societies are shaped by the economic and political systems of the states in which they are located or to which they are most closely linked.It is not merely expansion into a wilderness that explains the character of a frontier society, but rather expansion within a particular social, economic and political context. In the slave states, for example, westward expansion occurred within an economic and legal context that transplanted the slave system and the values that went with it into new areas.Written in the year 1920, several collaborations on the critique made in the light of The Frontier serves a moral vision, as pres ented in Chicago during the World’s Columbian Exposition and has even garnered his works Pulitzer Prize awards a year after he died[1].This Wisconsin legend in history and literature has made a large impact on the society that his works were often placed in the table of deliberation as either that which is intellectually beneficial in the astounding arena of history or that which defeats the sagacity of being a historian.The main fact that he held his theory on high hopes in building a feasible force in the economic, social and political discussion in America, it is undeniable that majority of historians having the attempt to fully bring up the marvel of The Frontier is admirably an epic as his works were given worth and space in encyclopedias as well as in classroom deliberations.Turner’s argument is grounded on the premise that a government that is shaped according to other nations or that which resembles or at least partly incorporates external elements from foreign nations will not be suitable for the people and for the entire nation. It can be observed thatTurner firmly adheres to the principle of having an identity that is solidly based on what is natural to the people and to the rest of the country. What is natural supersedes those that are artificial—what is essentially natural to America is ‘diversity’ in the truest sense of the word[2].Apparently, Turner makes it a point to bridge the issue with diversity to that of having a strong government structured according to the innate qualities of the American people. However, it fails to consider the fact that diversity also grants the substantial possibility of not actually unifying all the corners of the country into a single and identifiable sphere[3].What Turner does is to transcend this ‘diversity’ and patch all the different—albeit intrinsic—‘American’ elements into a unified concept that virtually quells, at least in theory, th e force of other external factors. He does this at least in the sense of proposing an ‘ideological’ battle, one that treats ideas far superior than brute or physical force.Although Turner argues that bloodshed is inevitable, he also suggests that the ideas of man will have to take the core of the movement towards the establishment of an independent and unique government and that these ideas should come from the American people themselves and not from anybody else.[1] Schultz, S. K. (1999). Turner, Frederick Jackson -Historian (1861-1932).  Ã‚   Retrieved October 19, 2007, from http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/bios/15.html[2] Thies, Cameron G. (2005), ‘War, Rivalry, and State Building in Latin America', American Journal of Political Science, 49 (3), 453.[3] Sullivan, John L. (1973), ‘Political Correlates of Social, Economic, and Religious Diversity in the American States', The Journal of Politics, 35 (1), 71.   

Obesity; Root Cause Of Many Diseases.

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess of fat has accumulated in the body and may give rise to health problems. A person is obese when his body mass index is above 30 kg/m2. Body mass index is ratio of an individual’s weight and height, and can be calculated by dividing person’s weight with square of his height. The most commonly used measure of weight status is body mass index, or BMI. Years of research have shown that BMI provides good estimate of â€Å"fatness† and correlates well with important health outcomes. For adult men and women healthy BMI falls between 18 to 25 kg/m2 .Overweight is defined as a BMI between 25 and 30; and obesity a BMI of 30 or higher. So it is important tool for clinicians trying to screen to determine who may be at risk because of carrying around too much weight for their height. More or less every region of world is facing this problem. Once a problem of wealthy nations, obesity now impacts countries at all economic levels, bringing with it a wave of ill health and lost productivity. Worldwide rate of obesity doubled since 1980, with just over 200 million adult men and just under 300 million adult women obese.Of all high-income countries, the United States has the highest rate of overweight and obesity, with fully a third of population obese, a rate projected to rise around 50 percent by 2030. Obesity is also on the rise in South Asian countries including Pakistan. According to Forbes, Pakistan is ranked 165 (out of 194 countries), with 22. 2% of individuals crossing the threshold of obesity. In Pakistan the highest concentration of the obese lies in the big cities as compared to the rural countryside. At the other times in history obesity was considered as sign of wealth and prosperity, as mankind suffered scarcity of food in the past.But now obesity has been declared as a disease by American Medical Association. Whether or not it is considered a disease, it is also an important risk factor for many c hronic diseases. Obesity is associated with many chronic heart diseases such as angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, deep vein thrombosis and more. A 2002 study concluded that 21% of ischemic heart disease is due to obesity, while a 2008 European consensus puts the number at 35%. Obesity has been cited as the main cause of high blood pressure.The risk of hypertension (high blood pressure) is five times higher in the obese as compared to those of normal weight. A definitive link between obesity and hypertension has been found using animal and clinical studies, which have suggested that there are multiple mechanisms for obesity induced hypertension. People who are overweight are at much greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus than normal weight individuals . Being overweight puts extra pressure on body’s ability to control blood glucose using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes.Almost 90% of peopl e with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight. Many respiratory system diseases may be outcome of obesity such as asthma, obstructive sleep apnea etc. Obesity may be associated with variety of reproductive system diseases for example polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, birth defects, intra-uterine fetal death etc. Gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, gall stone, fatty liver are predominant in the overweight. Many types of cancers occur with increased frequency in those who are overweight or obese.A study from United Kingdom showed that 5% of cancer is due to excess weight. Certain neurological conditions are also attributed to increased body weight. Apart from associated morbidity and mortality, obesity has many social and economic implications as well. The obese are often subject of ridicule as a result they suffer from depression and lose self-confidence. Obesity reduces man-power thus incurs economic loss. A combination of excessive food energ y intake, lack of exercise is thought to cause most cases of obesity.A limited number of cases are primarily due to genetics, medical reasons and psychiatric illnesses. In contrast, increasing rates of obesity at societal level are felt to be due to easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on cars and mechanized manufacturing. Food energy is calculated in terms of calories, excess of calories when taken are stored in body in the form of fat. Thus energy dense foods increase body fat by supplying extra of calories and ultimately lead to obesity.Sweetened beverages and fast food meals provide more calories than required and are most important contributing factors for obesity in United States and European countries. Lack of regular physical exercise plays significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has been shift to less physically demanding work, significant portion of world’s population doesn’t get sufficient exercise. This is mainly due to invention of machines that save much of the hard work in every field. Obesity may be result of many genetic and environmental factors, as it tends persist in certain families due to inheritance of defective genes.Experts have related increased body weight in children with their time spent on watching television; more they spent their time watching television more they are prone to obesity. Obesity is sometimes clinical feature of some diseases for example Cohen syndrome, Prader Willi syndrome etc. Proper diet and physical exercise has been mainstay of long term management of the obesity. Fiber diet such as wheat, corn and certain vegetables help maintain healthy weight. Regular physical exercise burns extra calories, thus prevents excessive deposition of fat in the body tissues.Certain drugs and surgical procedures are also known to treat obesity, but are less preferred. It is clear that obesity is root cause of many diseases such as angina, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitu s and many more. Once it was prevalent in affluent nations, now it is problem of all nations of the world. Obesity results from high energy foods such as sweetened beverages, fast food meals. It may also result from sedentary life style and other genetic and environmental factors. Obesity can be managed by taking proper diet and regular physical exercise.